Phytopathologia mediterranea is an international journal edited by the mediterranean phytopathological union. Even though sugarcane smut is worldwide in distribution, the existence of different s. Sporisorium reilianum possesses a pool of effector proteins that modulate virulence. Antisense transcription is prevalent and conserved among smut fungi. Frontiers molecular variation of the phytopathogenic. Host specificity of sporisorium reilianum is tightly. Stenocarpella maydis and sporisorium reilianum are phytopathogenic fungi that cause white rot in corn cob and head smut in maize zea mays l. Infection is systemic, and the mycelium of the fungus occupies areas near the apical meristem of its host. Although the main symptom of this disease is the formation of a black fungal sorus on the reproductive parts of the maize, the infection always occurs via the roots. Little information is available concerning the development of the fungus in soil, although this saprophytic phase is an important part of the life cycle. Maize head smut mhs caused by the fungi sporisorium reilianum kuhn landon and fullerton s. This disease, that starts the infection process by invading the roots during the early seedling stage, is responsible for important crop losses. Jan 16, 2019 a kiwellin protein in maize is found to inhibit the activity of the secreted enzyme chorismate mutase from a maizeinfecting pathogenic fungus, suggesting a role for kiwellins in plant immunity.
Sporisorium reilianum possesses a pool of effector. Pdf we analyzed the infection of the model plant arabidopsis thaliana by the basidiomycete phytopathogen of cereals sporisorium reilianum. Transcriptome analysis of smut fungi reveals widespread intergenic transcription and conserved antisense transcript expression michael e. The inoculation of sorghum with srz induces the generation of the sorghumspeci. Genome sequencing of sporisorium scitamineum provides. The first part of this chapter highlights variations in the organization of the matingtype loci in ustilago maydis, sporisorium reilianum, and u. Natural antisense transcripts class x were detected for 2624 u. Sporisorium reilianum showed only one isoform of intracellular xylanase in all the culture media utilized in this study. Positively selected effector genes and their contribution to.
Symptoms become obvious at flowering time, when the fungus causes spore formation and phyllody in the inflorescences. Although these plant diseases lead to a considerable yield reduction of cereal production, smut fungi also have an economically positive side. The predicted nats are presented in additional files 14, 15 and 16 and the detected nats in additional files 17, 18 and 19. Multiple sequence alignment showed that its identity to arginase in u.
However, there are also nonpathogenic ustilaginomycetes, such as pseudozyma antarctica and pseudozyma tsukubaensis. Similarly the rings d, f, and h represent the dnds ratios of sporisorium reilianum, ustilago maydis and u. Research open access prospecting the biodiversity of the. Optimization of inoculation technique of sporisorium. Sporisorium scitamineum is the fungus that causes sugarcane smut. In the covered smut, a fungal sorus is formed in the place of the grain. Gene loss rather than gene gain is associated with a host. In this chapter the characteristics of the above diseases, such as their life cycle, pathogenicity factors, control methods, as well as the biotechnological potential of. Dutheil 1,3,6, 1department of organismic interactions, max planck institute for terrestrial microbiology, marburg, germany. Four different types of smuts namely, head smut sporisorium reilianum, covered smut sporisorium sorghi, loose smut sporisorium cruenta, and long smut tolyposporium ehrenbergii are observed in sorghum. The matingtype locus b of the sugarcane smut sporisorium. Sorghum ergot has been found in lateflowering commercial grain crops in northern nsw.
Comparative secretome analysis of different smut fungi and. Sporisorium reilianum is a biotrophic maize zea mays pathogen of increasing economic importance. Characterization and molecular mapping of rsrr, a resistant. Complete genome sequence of sporisorium scitamineum and. Sporisorium scitamineum is the fungal pathogen causing severe sugarcane smut disease that leads to massive economic losses globally. Head smut in maize zea mays is a systemic disease caused by the phytopathogenic fungus sporisorium reilianum.
Several hundred effector proteins have been predicted based on genome annotation, genome comparison, and bioinformatic analysis. Sporisorium scitamineum is a biotrophic fungus responsible for the sugarcane smut, a worldwide spread disease. Positively selected effector genes and their contribution to virulence in the smut fungus sporisorium reilianum gabriel schweizer 1,4,karinmu. Mating is regulated by two loci, which harbor conserved genes. Interestingly, antisense transcripts were consistently longer in u. Sporisorium reilianum and ustilago maydis are two closely related smut fungi, which both infect maize but differ fundamentally in their mode of plant invasion and site of symptom development. Related to thesemonocotinfectingspecies is melanopsichium pennsylvanicum, a smut fungus infecting persicaria species sharma et al. Pdf sporisorium reilianum infection changes inflorescence and. Transcriptome analysis of smut fungi reveals widespread. Sporisorium reilianum showed intracellular xylanolytic activity an intracellular xylanase from s. Two pathogenic fungi of maize find, read and cite all the research you. Introduction w hip smut of sugarcane caused by sporisorium scitamineum syd. Nov 19, 2014 sugarcane smut can cause losses in cane yield and sugar content that range from 30% to total crop failure. This soilborne pathogen infects the host plant at the seedling stage 25, supposedly through the roots 37.
Then, the genomic sequence and cds sequence of g6606 in u. Several races of sporisorium scitamineum are thought to exist, based on differences in their severity rating on a series of sugarcane varieties. Here we report cytological and molecular evidence for maize resistance to head smut. Pdf artificial inoculation of maize seeds with sporisorium. Ergots are creamycoloured sclerotes usually smaller than sorghum seed that replace the developing seed. Sporisorium scitamineum is the causal agent of sugarcane smut, which is one of the most serious constraints to global sugarcane production. Sporisorium reilianum causes head smut of cultivated sorghum and maize. Sporisorium is a fungus genus in the ustilaginaceae family.
Sporisorium reilianum infection changes inflorescence and. It is unknown why the two formae speciales cannot form spores on their respective nonfavored hosts. Here, we used the genomes of sporisorium reilianum f. This study provides the complete sequence of individual chromosomes of s. Infection is initiated by soilborne spores that germinate and directly penetrate emerging seedlings and young plants. The agc kinase ssagc1 regulates sporisorium scitamineum. A kiwellin protein in maize is found to inhibit the activity of the secreted enzyme chorismate mutase from a maizeinfecting pathogenic fungus, suggesting a. Screening of secreted proteins of sporisorium reilianum f. Although both species cause disease on maize, they differ in their behaviour during proliferation in planta, and in the site and type of symptom development. Biotrophic fungal plant pathogens cause billions of dollars in losses to north american crops annually.
Host specificity in sporisorium reilianum is determined by. As a prelude to studying the molecular basis of these differences, we have characterized the mating type loci of s. Unlike its betterknown relative, the role of the sexual cycle in infection in s. Pdf sporisorium reilianum is a biotrophic maize zea mays pathogen of increasing economic importance.
Abstractbackgroundhead smut of maize, which is caused by sporisorium reilianum f. Study of the intracellular xylanolytic activity of the. Analysis of gene expression profiles in response to. The molecular basis of symptom formation in sporisorium reilianum. One of the most severely affected regions in mexico is valle del mezquital in the state of hidalgo, a high production zone with irrigated agriculture that produces over 50% of maize supplies in the state. The journals mission is the promotion of plant health for mediterranean crops, climate and regions, safe food production, and the transfer of new knowledge on plant diseases and their sustainable management. The infection is systemic, and disease symptoms become apparent only after the onset of flower development when the fungal sori replace male or female inflorescences. In most sugarcanegrowing countries of the world, strict quarantine regulations govern the importation of sugarcane vegetative propagation materials or true seed. Smut fungi induce disease only in their dikaryotic stage, which is generated by mating. Sugarcane smut can cause losses in cane yield and sugar content that range from 30% to total crop failure. This fungus has the potential to infect all sugarcane species unless a species is resistant to biotrophic fungal pathogens.
Early infection stages are characterised by a hyphal proliferation of the fungus around the roots. Most of the members of ustilaginaceae are parasitic to poales and cyperales, and some are infecting. Request pdf on may 11, 2016, jorge alvarezcervantes and others published stenocarpella maydis and sporisorium reilianum. Positively selected effector genes and their contribution. Ustilago maydis and the related fungus sporisorium reilianum both parasitize maize. The practical value of dry teliospores of sporisorium reilianum as inoculum in head. Two races were recorded in hawaii which apparently hybridized and no longer exist as such. It contains an open reading frame with 957 nucleotides encoding a polypeptide of 319 amino acids.
For only very few of these effectors, an involvement in. Sporisorium reilianum is the causal agent of maize head smut. Manual dissection of the floral whorls of the tassel spikelet revealed that most of the. This soil borne smut fungus has two formae speciales. Cloning and disruption of the uearginase in ustilago.
Sporisorium reilianum is a close relative of the intensively investigated maize smut pathogen, ustilago maydis begerow et al. This chapter focuses on the signaling cascades, which coordinate cyclic amp camp and mitogenactivated protein kinase. Molecular variation of the phytopathogenic fungus sporisorium. Pdf the cereal phytopathogen sporisorium reilianum is able to. The smut sporisorium reilianum is closely related to u. The pdf file you selected should load here if your web browser has a pdf reader plugin installed for example, a recent version of adobe acrobat reader if you would like more information about how to print, save, and work with pdfs, highwire press provides a helpful frequently asked questions about pdfs alternatively, you can download the pdf file directly to your computer, from where it. There are only a few reports concerning the genetics of this disease and the resistant gene of maize. In order to reveal the molecular mechanism of the resistance to head smut in maize, a microarray containing. Using microscopy, we describe the development of the fungus during. The biotrophic maize head smut fungus sporisorium reilianum is a close relative of the tumourinducing maize smut fungus ustilago maydis with a. It has also occurred in seed production crops in the macquarie valley and at. Dutheil 1,3,6, 1department of organismic interactions, max planck institute for terrestrial microbiology, marburg, germany 2institute for bioinformatics and systems.
The pdf file you selected should load here if your web browser has a pdf reader plugin installed for example, a recent version of adobe acrobat reader if you would like more information about how to print, save, and work with pdfs, highwire press provides a helpful frequently asked questions about pdfs. Caroli a linne species plantarum exhibentes plantas rite cognitas ad genera relatas. Their life cycle leading to the infectious form is similar. Pdf the objective of this research was to identify an inoculation method of sporisorium reilianum f. Sporisorium reilianum possesses a pool of effector proteins.
Artificial inoculation of maize seeds with sporisorium reilianum f. Maize infection with srz leads to very little cell death suggesting the presence of celldeath suppressinpg effectors. This study was designed to analyze the genetic diversity of this phytopathogen. Expressedsequence tag libraries and microarray hybridizations have provided insight regarding. In the a locus these genes specify pheromones and receptors, while in the b locus two transcription factors are encoded. Development of an infection assay for sporisorium reilianum, the. Supporting online material materials and methods strains and growth conditions s. Inhibition of the spread of endophytic sporisorium reilianum renders. Sporisorium reilianum is a biotrophic maize zea mays pathogen of. The fungus ustilago maydis secretes many effector proteins to cause disease in maize. Piepenbr, 2002, formerly known as ustilago scitaminea syd. Prior to plant infection, compatible haploid sporidia of s.
The ustilago maydis repetitive effector rsp3 blocks the. Mb annotated genome sequence has been an excellent resource for investigating biotrophic plant pathogenesis. Effect of water potential on the development of an haploid. Melanopsichium pennsylvanicum is a nonobligate biotrophic pathogen and is responsible for gall smut of persicaria species hirschhorn 1941, forming sturdy lobeshaped smut galls on the host plant, like other melanopsichium species mcalpine 1910. The model for functional investigation of these fungi is ustilago maydis. Sorghum ergot is a fungus whose spores compete with pollen at flowering. Rings c, e and g represent the blastp percentage identity of me.
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